In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Science biology properties of carbon hydrocarbon structures and functional groups. And so the first question you should be asking is how many carbons are there. What is the general formula for a noncyclic alkane. Conformations are the different arrangement of atoms that can be converted into one another by rotation. Naming and drawing alkynes and cyclic hydrocarbons. Petroleum and natural gas are the major sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon while coal is an important source of aromatic hydrocarbons.
Definition of a saturated hydrocarbon, how it is named and the shapes it forms. Draw the skeletal line structure for each of the following compounds. Distinctive characteristic of double bonds in linear structures, double bonds are shown as centered between the two atoms in cyclic structures, double bonds are shown inside the ring. Natural rubber, for example, is a hydrocarbon that contains long chains of alternating cc double bonds and c c single bonds writing the structure of complex hydrocarbons can be simplified by using a line notation in which a carbon atom is assumed to be present. Another shorthand representation of alkanes the bondline formula. Structural isomers just how many structures can you make. Even simpler than condensed structures are skeletal or line structures. At the onset of your study of organic chemistry, you should write. Introduction to organic nomenclature and functional gruops. Write the mathematical formula for the ratio of carbon to hydrogen for each compound to determine the pattern. Hydrocarbons the term hydrocarbon is selfexplanatory which means compounds of carbon and hydrogen only. Structural isomers just how many structures can you make from a simple formula. The lewis structures and models of methane, ethane, and pentane are illustrated in figure 1. Naming hydrocarbons name name the compounds below according to the iupac naming system 1.
Previously, we considered several kinds of hydrocarbons. This file contains 16 line structures of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. In general, the more highly branched structure will have the lower boiling point. Students must get used to line angle formulas as early as possible.
Molecular and structural formulas the alkynes comprise a series of carbon. These groups of atoms contain oxygen or nitrogen or sometimes sulfur attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton. Bond line diagrams are commonly used to represent organic molecules and simplify the structure by not showing ch bonds or carbon atoms. Organic chemistry drawing structures bond line, skeletal.
Learn how to write condensed, expanded, and line structures for organic compounds. Hydrocarbon structures and isomers article khan academy. Ultradur, pbt is a plastic polymer that contains an aromatic functional group. Complex hydrocarbons and their derivatives are found throughout nature. Corrosion of steel pipelines transporting hydrocarbon. Aug 18, 2016 this video shows you how to draw complex organic chemistry molecules in simple skeletal structure or bond line notation. Mos 4, 5 and 6 are all overall antibonding, and lie above the level of an isolated p orbital nonbonding line.
Hydrocarbon structures and types of isomerism structural isomers, cistrans isomers, and enantiomers. Hydrocarbons are rather unreactive, but they do participate in some classic chemical reactions. Learn the iupac system for naming alkanes and cycloalkanes. The preferred method of drawing structures line format is shown below. The selective conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons using a zsm5 catalysts was a significant discovery.
Pdf organic chemistry introduction numbers and types of bonds for a common. The tetrahedral elect ron geometry results in the carbon atoms forming a zigzag shape. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms. Saturated hydrocarbon read chemistry ck12 foundation. Hydrocarbons 367 in how many ways, you can join five carbon atoms and twelve hydrogen atoms of c5h12. And so, thats why we draw this as being a straight line on our bond line structures.
If a noncyclic alkane contains 15 carbon atoms, how many hydrogen atoms does it contain. Kekules structure, while consistent with the molecular formula and the fact that all of the hydrogen atoms of benzene are equivalent, needed to be modified to accommodate the observation that disubstitution of the ring at adjacent. Incorrect structural formulas division of the family of hydrocarbons visualization of. For each, draw a structural diagram line, condensed or complete 1. Designed and produced by the university of ottawa, teaching and learning support service tlss, centre for elearning module development was funded by the university of ottawa, the chemical institute of canada chemical education fund, and the ministry of training, colleges and universities of ontario as part of its ontario online initiative.
This group of compounds is a homologous series with the general molecular formula of c n h 2 n 2, where n equals any integer greater than one. Students may need a listing of the prefixes used to name carbon compounds as well as a list of the main substituents like br, cl, f, etc. Organic chemists can tell a lot about a molecule by the functional groups that make up a molecule. All organic compounds are made up of at least carbon and. It is also clear that structures i and iii have continuous chain of carbon atoms but structures ii, iv and v have a branched chain. Understand and construct condensed structural formulas and skeletal structures given the line bond lewis structures. How to draw skeletal structure or bondline notation for. Naming alkanes with alkyl groups video khan academy. The actual structure of benzene is different from both a and b, and cannot be represented by conventional formulae.
Ch4 c h h h h ch4 c h h condensed formula 2d formula 3d formula methane 2. C2h6 once the two carbons are connected, there are only six additional bonding sites and these are filled by the six hydrogen atoms. The actual structure of benzene lies somewhere in between a and b and may be represented as c, referred to as resonance hybrid. Because carbon has 4 electrons in its outermost shell and because each covalent bond requires a donation of 1 electron, per atom, to the. Bondline, lewis and condensed structures with practice. Given the formula of a molecule, the student will be able to draw the line bond lewis structure. Naphthalene, with its two rings, is considered the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. These cyclic hydrocarbons with alternating double and single carbon carbon. A unique structure can be drawn for the name of a given hydrocarbon. Small hydrocarbons, such as methane and ethane, are gases at room temperature, while larger hydrocarbons, such as hexane and octane, are liquids.
Alkanes and cycloalkanes 11 million organic compounds which are classified into families according to structure and reactivity functional group fg. Alkanes and cycloalkanes bloomsburg area school district. Because carbon has 4 electrons in its outermost shell and because each covalent bond. Constitutional isomers differ in the way the atoms. Introduction to organic nomenclature alkanes, hydrocarbons, and functional groups. A section of the pipe line, where the failure occurred, was cut and replaced. Learn how to recognize the alkane functional group in organic compounds. The combustion of hydrocarbons is a primary source of energy for our society. Fgs behave similarly in every molecule they are part of. Aromatic hydrocarbons are defined by having 6membered ring structures with alternating double bonds fig 8.
The largest database of organic compounds lists about 10 million substances, which include. Aug 20, 2016 drawing skeletal structures practice questions for organic compounds test your understanding and skills on how to draw organic chemistry molecules in simple line structure or skeletal structure. For now, we will only worry about drawing and recognizing each functional group, as depicted by lewis and line structures. Naming alkanes with alkyl groups about transcript naming linear alkanes with branching starting from the structure, and drawing the structures based on the name. Much of the remainder of your study of organic chemistry will be taken up with learning about how the different functional groups tend to behave in organic reactions.
Yet another representation of molecular structural formulas. Other authors consider pahs to start with the tricyclic species phenanthrene and anthracene. In addition to making up fossil fuels, they are present in trees and plants, as, for example, in the form of pigments called carotenes that occur in carrots and green leaves. Lets say that that is the molecular structure right there. Pdf distribution of hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins. Aromatic hydrocarbons 26 draw the bond line structures and determine the chemical formulas for hexane, 1hexene, cyclohexane, and cyclohexene. Stage 2 a leak occurred in a 2 inches steel pipeline transporting hydrocarbon condensed products. Since these take up a lot of space, condensed structural formulas are used.
Draw the line bond structures of following types of hydrocarbons using four carbon atoms. This organic chemistry video tutorial shows you how to draw lewis structures, bond line structures and skeletal structures including condensed structural formulas. Youll also learn how to read and understand molecules when written as a. We often refer to alkanes as aliphatic hydrocarbons, because the physi cal properties of the higher members of this class resemble those of the long carbonchain. Document in microsoft internet explorer people ubcs. In this context, saturated means that each carbon has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to it. We often refer to alkanes as aliphatic hydrocarbons, because the physi. Naming and drawing alkanes for each alkane write the correct iupac name.
The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons and are composed of carbon and hydrogen. Introduction to organic nomenclature and functional groups chapter outline 2. One of the fundamental differences of organic chemistry from general chemistry is the need for having a much better visualization and understanding of the molecular structures. Explain the difference between constitutional isomers, conformations, and the stereoisomers known as geometric. Hydrocarbons the simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons, which contain.
Naturally occurrig hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Were trying to reflect the structure of the molecule the best that we can. Any serious student should memorize as many as they can. Chapter 2 structure of atom chapter 3 classification of elements and periodicity in. Combustion of hydrocarbons all hydrocarbons burn cleanly to form water and carbon dioxide in the presence of sufficient oxygen. It is only shown here to simplify the structures so that you can clearly see the differences. Each of the carbon atoms in an alkane has sp3 hybrid orbitals and is bonded to four other atoms, each of which is either carbon or hydrogen. They can be arranged in three ways as shown in structures iiiv structures, they are known as structural isomers. Hydrocarbons from which one hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups called hydrocarbyls. At school, most organic molecules are drawn as structural formulae. Bond polarity and hydrocarbons investigation manual introduction to molecules table of. Learn how to identify isomers of organic compounds. To draw a hydrocarbon using the bond line method, place your pencil on a piece of paper.
Learn the important physical and chemical properties of the alkanes. You must be familiar with the terms lpg and cng used as fuels. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain the 6membered benzene ring structure a that is characterized by alternating double bonds. Reading check explain why carbon forms many compounds. Given the line bond structure, determine the formal charge for o. Alkanes, or saturated hydrocarbons, contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Functional groups line structures also can be modified to represent the threedimensional shapes of molecules, and the way that this is done will be discussed in detail in chapter 5.
Identify structural and geometric isomers of hydrocarbons. View notes report sheet for hydrocarbons and alcohols from chemistry 4510 at university of tennessee, chattanooga. For example, the gas used in gas stoves and bunsen burners can be either propane c 3 h 8 or butane c 4 h 10. More than 98 percent of natural crude rubber is a hydrocarbon polymer, a chainlike molecule consisting of many units linked together. Structures a and b are known as resonating or canonical structures of benzene. The important fuels like petrol, kerosene, coal gas, cng, lpg etc. The products follow an andersonschulzflory distribution but with at least one important. In linear structures, double bonds are shown as centered between the two atoms in cyclic. All carboncarbon single bonds are shown as a single line. With all of these bonding possibilities, chemists have identified millions of different organic compounds and are synthesizing more every day. A unique name can be given to branched hydrocarbons using iupac nomenclature rules. Skeletal line drawings show the carbon skeleton at the end of.
Jul 27, 2016 this organic chemistry video tutorial shows you how to draw lewis structures, bond line structures and skeletal structures including condensed structural formulas. The following few structures show only the carbon atoms, this is an unacceptible method of drawing structures and marks will be lost in exams or quizes if this format is used. In acyclic structures, a single bond is shown as a single dash, a double bond as a double dash, and a triple bond by a triple dash 1. Nomenclature, structure, properties nomenclature and structure.
Even larger hydrocarbons are solids at room temperature and have a soft, waxy consistency. Distribution of hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins. Realworld reading link if you have ridden in a car or a bus, you have used. Chapter 4 lecture notes chapter 4 educational goals 1. The tetrahedral electron geometry results in the carbon atoms forming a zigzag. So, practice your bond line structures because theyre extremely important for everything that you will do in organic chemistry. Branched hydrocarbons introductory chemistry 1st canadian. The main way of representing organic molecules are the bond line zigzag structures. This short list contains many of the most common organic functional groups. And some of you might say, wait, how is that even a molecule.
Now the hydrocarbon represented by the short, straight line is two carbon atoms in length. Structure of hydrocarbons draw the structure of the compounds below. The structures and chemistry of individual hydrocarbons depend in large part on the types of chemical bonds that link together the atoms of their constituent molecules. This kinda conflicts with the video that goes with this pdf because i thought linear carboncarbon bonds were triple bonded and does not allow rotation. Lpg is the abbreviated form of liquified petroleum gas whereas cng stands for compressed natural gas. By definition, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have multiple cycles, precluding benzene from being considered a pah. Naphthalene, with its two rings, is considered the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon by us epa and cdc for policy contexts. In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon 620 hydrocarbons are examples of group 14 hydrides. Structure nomenclature guide a guide to the graphic representation and nomenclature.